Culture of India
Region Map of India
The map shows the different regions that India is subdivided into.
From: http://authenticfoods.host56.com/about.html
From: http://authenticfoods.host56.com/about.html
Gender Roles
Gender
roles emerged at the beginning of agricultural era when men were out working the
farms and women stayed near the house (Christian 40). Women were in charge of
child baring, cleaning, cooking, and other chores set around the house (40).
The importance of women at home made it less likely for them to venture away
from home to gain independence and power (40). Also, women are seen as a burden
to the family, because Indian tradition calls for a daughter to be given to a
husband along with money (Gaynair). In this light, parents see a male child as
a figure that will hold the family’s name. Many female babies are left for dead
or severely abused by male family members because the men do not want to have a
daughter (Bradley). Even once married, wives can have to endure abuse from
their husbands (Bradley). Men controlled the women and the women had to obey.
In early India, only men were allowed to attend school and obtain jobs (Gaynair). Young girls were meant to stay home and help the mother raise the younger siblings and help with house hold choirs (Bradley). It was not uncommon to see young boys playing outside with each other while their sisters worked inside alongside their mothers (Bradley). The lack of educational advances and the traditional views that a woman must help at home kept women from gaining wages that would provide for the family which is another reason parents wanted male babies (40).
Today, the country has made progress. More progress has been made in the urban city areas, than in the country sides (Bradley). But, still inequality rings throughout all of India. The government has created laws against violence toward women, “65% of men believed there are times that women deserve to be beaten” (Gaynair). Also, a survey of Indian men found that “only 16 percent of Indian men said that they had a role in domestic matters such as washing clothes, preparing food or cleaning the house” (Gaynair). As much as the government has tried to implement regulations to improve the lives of women, men still are a great cause for the slow progression of gender equality. Plus, government regulations are reaching the rural areas of India where tradition is a powerful influence.
In early India, only men were allowed to attend school and obtain jobs (Gaynair). Young girls were meant to stay home and help the mother raise the younger siblings and help with house hold choirs (Bradley). It was not uncommon to see young boys playing outside with each other while their sisters worked inside alongside their mothers (Bradley). The lack of educational advances and the traditional views that a woman must help at home kept women from gaining wages that would provide for the family which is another reason parents wanted male babies (40).
Today, the country has made progress. More progress has been made in the urban city areas, than in the country sides (Bradley). But, still inequality rings throughout all of India. The government has created laws against violence toward women, “65% of men believed there are times that women deserve to be beaten” (Gaynair). Also, a survey of Indian men found that “only 16 percent of Indian men said that they had a role in domestic matters such as washing clothes, preparing food or cleaning the house” (Gaynair). As much as the government has tried to implement regulations to improve the lives of women, men still are a great cause for the slow progression of gender equality. Plus, government regulations are reaching the rural areas of India where tradition is a powerful influence.
Change
As a whole, India has been working to catch up the other
nations with growing populations. Gender equality has been a major fight for
India. Women constantly need to fight the tradition thoughts men still hold and
break out away from the tradition role of house keeper (Bradely). Also, it is hard for
women to become educated with these tradition views looming over them. It is especially
hard for women in rural areas where government regulations are not upheld. A
large number of India’s population has moved into urban setting, but many have
been left in the poverty ridden rural areas. In the rural areas, health care
and new technologies are more difficult to disperse. In cities, health care and
improved life has a stronger presence.
http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=5.59290322580644;ti=2012$zpv;v=$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj2tPLxKvvnNPA;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;ii d=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=283;dataMax=110808$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=18;dataMax=87$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=;example=75
http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=5.59290322580644;ti=2012$zpv;v=$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj2tPLxKvvnNPA;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;ii d=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=283;dataMax=110808$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=18;dataMax=87$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=;example=75
In this graph, from Gapminder.org, the ration of females and
males enrolled in primary and secondary public and private schools is represented
by the blue dot. The data is taking from 1971. During this time, girls were
still seen mostly in traditional light (Bradley). Young girls were seen as burdens and
sent to work with their mothers around the house (Gaynair). The males were sent out to
play and gain an education, so they could one day get a job to support their
family (Bradley). New government regulations were starting to take place, but still most
families did not abide.
In this graph, from Gapminder.org, the ratio of females to
males enrolled in primary and secondary public and private schools is greater
than it was in 1971. A larger role of government regulation has contributed to
the growth of girls in school (Bradely). Also, women have been able to hold a larger role
in fighting for their educational rights because family planning has given
women the chance to work on their education and not raise children (Rosenberg).
http://geography.about.com/od/culturalgeography/a/demotransition.htm
http://geography.about.com/od/culturalgeography/a/demotransition.htm
This graph, from Gapminder.org, shows the amount of India’s
population that lived in an urban setting in 1960. Compared to other dots on
the graph, India was one of the larger urbanized countries in the world. India
had a large trading position during this time with other Asian nations and
Europe.
Again, in this graph, from Gapminder.org, India
still has a large population of urbanized people. India grew with the rest of
the world as urbanization took place. But, India also has a very large
population to begin with. India still has a vast amount of its population that
lives in rural areas.
Information for graph found at:
FIELD LISTING :: RELIGIONS. (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Central Intelligence Agency Web Site: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html#er
FIELD LISTING :: RELIGIONS. (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Central Intelligence Agency Web Site: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html#er
Government
Hinduism is
the most popular religion in India; more than 80% of India’s population is Hindu
(CIA.org). The second most popular religion in India is Islam; more than 13% of
India’s population is Muslim (CIA.org). Hinduism is not like most religions. It
grew from a way of life and over many centuries (CIA.org). Hinduism does not
have one determined founder or a set God or Gods (CIA.org). Early signs of
Hindu practices can be seen in the Neolithic period when people in India would practice
cremation of the body, animal sacrifices, and spiritual relations with ancestors
(Hinduismfacts.org). In 1922, the ancient Indus Valley Civilizations were found
and concrete proof of the religion was documented (Hinduismfacts.org). The
peoples of Mohen-Jo-Daro and Harappa worshiped Hindu gods like Devi and Shiva
(Hinduismfacts.org). Islam, on the other hand, began in the seventh century
C.E. in the Arabian Peninsula and was founded by Muhammad (CIA.org). In 610
C.E., Muhammad had a vision that told him it was his duty to spread God’s word
(Suzan Yalman). Muhammad begin telling his vision in Mecca, but the leaders of
Mecca were not interested in his religion and forced Muhammad and his followers
out (Yalman). Muhammad and his followers continued to practice and they picked
up followers on the way and soon Mecca adopted Islamic believes (Yalman).
Hinduism and Islam play large roles in the lives of the followers. Hinduism is an accumulation of life practices that was gradually adopted into a religion, so religion is a major part of social life in India (CIA.org). Hindus follow a caste system that structures their society and details the functions of each social class (Samyukta Mullangi). The cast system consists of Brahmins- the clergy, Kshatritas- the military, Vaishyas- mercantile, and Shudras- the laborers (Mullangi). Also, Ahimsa practice non-violence and in extension Hindus are vegetarians (Mullangi). Hindus must also work hard to live proper lives through spiritual enlightenment to escape reincarnation or move up in the cast system (Mullangi). Muslims, too, follow strict daily rules. The five pillars of Islam are to follow faith, prayer five times a day, almsgiving- to help the poor, fast on Ramadam, and take a pilgrimage to Mecca (Klaus Rosmanitz). The pillars are ways of life that Muslims strive to live for in their lives, but they must also follow the laws of God to reap the reward of Heave and not go to hell when the world comes to an end (Rosmanitz).
Hindus practice their religion all through their daily lives, but also in Temples (URI.org). Muslims also practice the five Pillars all through their day, but also in mosques (URI.org). For Hindus, home shrines are a major place of worship, but there are also temples devoted to Gods throughout India and the world (URI.org). The temples are like homes or rest spots on Earth for Gods where Hindu people leave offerings (Uri.org). Also, an importance place for religious purposed is the Ganges River (URI.org). Muslims have different uses for Temples; some direct the way to Mecca and some are used for prayer (URI.org). The five Pillars also declare Mecca, the sacred place where Muhammad began his preaching, sacred place that all Muslims are to visit (URI.org).
Government and religion are important connections in Hinduism. Beginning with the British invasion of India, Hindu leaders stepped up to oust foreign rule (UCLA.org). Leaders like Gandhi and Lala Lajpat Rai worked to push the British out while practicing Hindu religion (UCLA.org). In 1977, the Bharatiya Janata Party was voted into office and kept the Hindu religion as one of their interests (UCLA.org). Also, in 2004, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, a Hindu activist group set out to spread the word of Hinduism and make sure the government was helping Hinuism (UCLA.org). Islam plays a major role in its government (Abul Ala Maududi). Muslims government is based on three principles: “unity of Allah, prophethood, and vicegerency represented on earth” (Maududi). The democracy is ran by the people but based on Devine Law set by Allah’s prophets on earth (Maududi).
Sources:
Ala Maududi, Abul (1/13/2014). Essential Features of the Islamic Political System. retrieved 3/13/2014, from Islam 101 Web Site: http://www.islam101.com/politics/politicalsystem.htm
FIELD LISTING :: RELIGIONS. (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Central Intelligence Agency Web Site: http://www.islam101.com/politics/politicalsystem.htm
Hindu History . (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Hinduism Facts Web Site: http://hinduismfacts.org/hindu-history
Lal, Vinay (2008). Hinduism in Modern India. retrieved 3/13/2014, from Vinay Lal & Oxford University Press Web Site:
https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/paths/Hinduismmodern.html
Mullangi, Samyukta (2005). Hinduism . retrieved 3/13/2014, from UMICH Web Site: http://www.umich.edu/~aamuhist/smullang/pubspeak.htm
Rosmanitz, Klaus Islam . (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Articles in Easy Understandable English for Learners Web Site: http://www.english-online.at/religion/islam/pillars-and-beliefs-of-islam.htm
Walton , Linda The Spread of Religion . (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Annenberg Learner Web Site: http://www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory/unit_main_7.html
Yalman , Suzan The British of Islam . (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Metropolitan Museum of Art Web Site: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/isla/hd_isla.htm
Hinduism and Islam play large roles in the lives of the followers. Hinduism is an accumulation of life practices that was gradually adopted into a religion, so religion is a major part of social life in India (CIA.org). Hindus follow a caste system that structures their society and details the functions of each social class (Samyukta Mullangi). The cast system consists of Brahmins- the clergy, Kshatritas- the military, Vaishyas- mercantile, and Shudras- the laborers (Mullangi). Also, Ahimsa practice non-violence and in extension Hindus are vegetarians (Mullangi). Hindus must also work hard to live proper lives through spiritual enlightenment to escape reincarnation or move up in the cast system (Mullangi). Muslims, too, follow strict daily rules. The five pillars of Islam are to follow faith, prayer five times a day, almsgiving- to help the poor, fast on Ramadam, and take a pilgrimage to Mecca (Klaus Rosmanitz). The pillars are ways of life that Muslims strive to live for in their lives, but they must also follow the laws of God to reap the reward of Heave and not go to hell when the world comes to an end (Rosmanitz).
Hindus practice their religion all through their daily lives, but also in Temples (URI.org). Muslims also practice the five Pillars all through their day, but also in mosques (URI.org). For Hindus, home shrines are a major place of worship, but there are also temples devoted to Gods throughout India and the world (URI.org). The temples are like homes or rest spots on Earth for Gods where Hindu people leave offerings (Uri.org). Also, an importance place for religious purposed is the Ganges River (URI.org). Muslims have different uses for Temples; some direct the way to Mecca and some are used for prayer (URI.org). The five Pillars also declare Mecca, the sacred place where Muhammad began his preaching, sacred place that all Muslims are to visit (URI.org).
Government and religion are important connections in Hinduism. Beginning with the British invasion of India, Hindu leaders stepped up to oust foreign rule (UCLA.org). Leaders like Gandhi and Lala Lajpat Rai worked to push the British out while practicing Hindu religion (UCLA.org). In 1977, the Bharatiya Janata Party was voted into office and kept the Hindu religion as one of their interests (UCLA.org). Also, in 2004, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, a Hindu activist group set out to spread the word of Hinduism and make sure the government was helping Hinuism (UCLA.org). Islam plays a major role in its government (Abul Ala Maududi). Muslims government is based on three principles: “unity of Allah, prophethood, and vicegerency represented on earth” (Maududi). The democracy is ran by the people but based on Devine Law set by Allah’s prophets on earth (Maududi).
Sources:
Ala Maududi, Abul (1/13/2014). Essential Features of the Islamic Political System. retrieved 3/13/2014, from Islam 101 Web Site: http://www.islam101.com/politics/politicalsystem.htm
FIELD LISTING :: RELIGIONS. (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Central Intelligence Agency Web Site: http://www.islam101.com/politics/politicalsystem.htm
Hindu History . (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Hinduism Facts Web Site: http://hinduismfacts.org/hindu-history
Lal, Vinay (2008). Hinduism in Modern India. retrieved 3/13/2014, from Vinay Lal & Oxford University Press Web Site:
https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/paths/Hinduismmodern.html
Mullangi, Samyukta (2005). Hinduism . retrieved 3/13/2014, from UMICH Web Site: http://www.umich.edu/~aamuhist/smullang/pubspeak.htm
Rosmanitz, Klaus Islam . (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Articles in Easy Understandable English for Learners Web Site: http://www.english-online.at/religion/islam/pillars-and-beliefs-of-islam.htm
Walton , Linda The Spread of Religion . (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Annenberg Learner Web Site: http://www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory/unit_main_7.html
Yalman , Suzan The British of Islam . (n.d) retrieved 3/13/2014, from Metropolitan Museum of Art Web Site: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/isla/hd_isla.htm
Religion Map
Photo from: http://academic.depauw.edu/mkfinney_web/teaching/Com227/culturalPortfolios/india/VALUESFINAL.htm
Current Event Summary
India is a nation, like others,
that is fighting against AIDS and HIV. The
country has many rural areas where treatment is not always available and the
country does not speak openly about sex (Palash Ghosh).Despite the nation’s
success in reducing the spread of HIV by “57% since 2001,” people are still
being infected and must continually life with the side effects (Nirmalya
Dutta). Still “2.4 million” people in India are HIV positive (Dutta). Because of the number of people with AIDS and
HIVS, a new website, PositiveSaathi.com, was created for people living with AIDS or HIV
(Ghosh). PositiveSaathi.com is a website that matched partners who are both
positive for AIDS (Ghosh). The website has been a positive benefit to the lives
of the members, because there is a negative stigma associated with the diseases
still (Dutta). With continuing support, the lives of the many Indian people
affected by AIDS and HIVS can be changed.
Sources:
Dutta, N (November 2013). World AIDS Day 2013 – HIV and AIDS in India. retrieved March 3, 2014, from The Health Site Web Site: http://health.india.com/diseases-conditions/world-aids-day-2013-india-and-hivaids/
Ghosh, P (December 2013). World AIDS Day: HIV Infection Rates Plunging In India, But Many Have No Access To Anti-Retroviral Drugs. retrieved March 3, 2014, from International Business Times Web Site: http://www.ibtimes.com/world-aids-day-hiv-infection-rates-plunging-india-many-have-no-access-anti-retroviral-drugs-1491656
Sources:
Dutta, N (November 2013). World AIDS Day 2013 – HIV and AIDS in India. retrieved March 3, 2014, from The Health Site Web Site: http://health.india.com/diseases-conditions/world-aids-day-2013-india-and-hivaids/
Ghosh, P (December 2013). World AIDS Day: HIV Infection Rates Plunging In India, But Many Have No Access To Anti-Retroviral Drugs. retrieved March 3, 2014, from International Business Times Web Site: http://www.ibtimes.com/world-aids-day-hiv-infection-rates-plunging-india-many-have-no-access-anti-retroviral-drugs-1491656
For more Information
National Portal of India: This site is a great tool to further your knowledge on India. First, there is a short overview of India's culure; but also, there are links that take you to more indepth details about festivals, dance, art, monuments, music, theater, heritage, and literature.
http://india.gov.in/topics/art-culture
Cultural Crossing: On this site, you can learn the cultural do's and don't's. The site is set up to present the basic, business, and student gestures proper for interacting with the population of India.
http://www.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student.php?id=96
http://india.gov.in/topics/art-culture
Cultural Crossing: On this site, you can learn the cultural do's and don't's. The site is set up to present the basic, business, and student gestures proper for interacting with the population of India.
http://www.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student.php?id=96
Foods in India
Many dietary factors of Indian food are
drawn from religious practices. Most Hindus follow vegetarian diets, but all do
not eat beef. The cow is sacred to the religion. Foods, especially dairy
products from cows, are important in religious worship. All food must be
sacrificed to the gods before eating it. The religion provides that all living
things are gifts from god and should be treated with respect. Also, because the
Hindus believe in reincarnation, the soul could be reborn into any living thing.
Buddhism is a bit more complicated. Beliefs on vegetarianism are split. Some believe
that since the Buddha was not vegetarian than there is no need to be vegetarian
and that if one does not physically kill the animal them self then they have
not gone against Buddhism non-violence practice. The Buddha ate meat, but he
also went some time being a vegetarian but it did not change his spiritual state.
But, the vegetarian Buddhists say that eating meat is supporting a cruel industry
that kills animals. Muslims, on the other hand, have specific rules to follow
from the Qur’an. The religious book lays out which foods are healthy and good
to eat and which foods are prohibited to eat. Alcohol and pork are prohibited.
Fruits, vegetables, and dairy products are all deemed healthy and good to eat.
The Qur’an also states that animals should be strangled or beaten to death as
means of slaughter. The main religions
in India showcase how food is viewed differently.
Sources: Susie (Feb, 2011). Hinduism . retrieved April 18, 2014, from Faith in Food Web Site: http://faithinfood.org/spirituality-food/hinduism/
Kapleau, P (1982). Dharma Data: Vegetarianism . retrieved April 18, 2014, from Buddhist Studies Web Site: http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd21.htm
Asad , Khadija J. The Muslim Diet . (n.d) retrieved April 18, 2014, from Higgins Research Center Web Site: http://www.higginsctc.org/terrorism/TheMuslimdiet.htm
Sources: Susie (Feb, 2011). Hinduism . retrieved April 18, 2014, from Faith in Food Web Site: http://faithinfood.org/spirituality-food/hinduism/
Kapleau, P (1982). Dharma Data: Vegetarianism . retrieved April 18, 2014, from Buddhist Studies Web Site: http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd21.htm
Asad , Khadija J. The Muslim Diet . (n.d) retrieved April 18, 2014, from Higgins Research Center Web Site: http://www.higginsctc.org/terrorism/TheMuslimdiet.htm
Traidtional Recipe
Recipe Type: Kathiyawadi Veg, ShaakCuisine: Kathiyawadi, Gujarati, Veg IndianAuthor: Darshita LakkadPrep time: 10 minsCook time: 10 minsTotal time: 20 minsServes: 4Sev Tameta nu Shaak is one of most popular kathiyawadi recipes.Ingredients
Source: http://www.gujaratirecipes.in/sev-tameta-nu-shaak/
I chose to incorporate this recipe into my website because it is a great example of a vegetarian curry that is very popular in India. I thought it was a good connection between the somewhat vegetarian restrictions that the three main religions in India follow. Plus, the spices and bread are common additions to meals in India.
- 250 gm Tomatoes
- 50 gm Sev
- 1 tbsp Coriander leaves
- Water as requirement
- For Seasoning
- 4 tbsp Oil
- Pinch of Mustard seed
- Pinch of Cumin seed
- Pinch of Asafetida
- 1 tbsp Red chili powder
- ¼ tbsp Turmeric powder
- 4 Garlic cloves – fine chopped
- Salt to taste
- Pinch of Garam masala
- Wash tomatoes and chop into small pieces.
- Heat oil at medium flame in pan. Add chopped garlic cloves.
- When garlic becomes golden, add mustard seed. When it sputtering, add cumin seeds.
- Add turmeric powder and tomatoes. Stir them well.
- Now add red chili powder and salt according taste.
- When tomato cooked, add water and sev in it.
- Now garnish with coriander leaves, pinch of garam masala and serve hot.
Source: http://www.gujaratirecipes.in/sev-tameta-nu-shaak/
I chose to incorporate this recipe into my website because it is a great example of a vegetarian curry that is very popular in India. I thought it was a good connection between the somewhat vegetarian restrictions that the three main religions in India follow. Plus, the spices and bread are common additions to meals in India.
Popular Indian Foods
Hyderabadi Chicken Biryani:
A rice based dish with spices and meat, fish, or eggs.
Picture from: http://recipeblog.in/hyderabadi-biryani-recipe/
A rice based dish with spices and meat, fish, or eggs.
Picture from: http://recipeblog.in/hyderabadi-biryani-recipe/
Butter Chicken :
Chicken is covered in spices and yoghurt overnight and then cooked in a butter, tomato, and spice sauce.
Picture from: http://bevcooks.com/2011/10/butter-chicken/
Chicken is covered in spices and yoghurt overnight and then cooked in a butter, tomato, and spice sauce.
Picture from: http://bevcooks.com/2011/10/butter-chicken/
Idli-Dosa-Vada :
Popular in South India, this dish is made for breakfast from fermented black bean lentils and rice. Sambar is served with it. Sambar is a vegatable stew.
Picture from: http://vennelaculinaries.blogspot.com/2013/01/sambar.html
Popular in South India, this dish is made for breakfast from fermented black bean lentils and rice. Sambar is served with it. Sambar is a vegatable stew.
Picture from: http://vennelaculinaries.blogspot.com/2013/01/sambar.html
Naan
Indian flatbread that is oven baked.
Picture From: http://delfoo.com/vadodara/roti,-paratha-and-naan
Indian flatbread that is oven baked.
Picture From: http://delfoo.com/vadodara/roti,-paratha-and-naan
Ladoos:
A desert dish made from gram flour, semolina, wheat flakes and other flours
Picture from: http://www.ashtarcommandcrew.net/group/the-ashtar-paranormal-group?commentId=2859786%3AComment%3A1928281&xg_source=activity
A desert dish made from gram flour, semolina, wheat flakes and other flours
Picture from: http://www.ashtarcommandcrew.net/group/the-ashtar-paranormal-group?commentId=2859786%3AComment%3A1928281&xg_source=activity
Sources
Bradley, S (December 2010). More Than I Could Ever Describe. retrieved February 2014, from Santa Clara University Web Site: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/global_ethics/gender-india.html
Gaynair, G (January 2011). Gender Equality: Indian Men's Attitudes Complex ICRW Survey Reveals Contradictions in Indian Men’s Views on Gender Equality . retrieved February 2014, from ICRW Web Site: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/global_ethics/gender-india.html
Christian , D (2008). This Fleeting World. Massachusetts: Berkshire Publishing Group LLC.